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SQL: The Complete Reference describes the SQL features and functions that are available in the most popular SQL-based DBMS products and those that are described in the ANSI/ISO SQL standards. Whenever possible, the SQL statement syntax described in the book and used in the examples applies to all dialects of SQL. When the dialects differ, the differences are pointed out in the text, and the examples follow the most common practice. In these cases, you may have to modify the SQL statements in the examples slightly to suit your particular brand of DBMS. Throughout the book, technical terms appear in italics the first time that they are used and defined. SQL language elements, including SQL keywords, table and column names, and sample SQL statements appear in an uppercase monospace font. SQL API function names appear in a lowercase monospace font. Program listings also appear in monospace font, and use the normal case conventions for the particular programming language (uppercase for COBOL and FORTRAN, lowercase for C). Note that these conventions are used solely to improve readability; most SQL implementations will accept either uppercase or lowercase statements. Many of the SQL examples include query results, which appear immediately following the SQL statement as they would in an interactive SQL session. In some cases, long query results are truncated after a few rows; this is indicated by a vertical ellipsis (. . .) following the last row of query results.

Figure 4-8.

Many important business indicators, however, don t take kindly to being aggregated This chapter will look at how to handle these nonadditive facts You will also learn how to set the grain of a fact table, why we call it sparse, and when to use the amusingly named degenerate dimensions The power of data warehousing stems in part from its ability to provide access to historic data The data warehouse must be able to respond to changes to information in a way that does not disrupt the ability to study history Dimensional designs deal with this issue through a series of techniques collectively known as slowly changing dimensions This chapter will explore the three primary ways to handle change and when it is appropriate to use each Last, this chapter describes the implementation of a dimensional design in a multidimensional database, where it is known as a cube.

4:

Stars and cubes will be contrasted, and you will learn the different ways the cube can be incorporated into a dimensional architecture..

SQL: The Complete Reference is the right book for anyone who wants to understand and learn SQL, including database users, data processing professionals, programmers, students, and managers. It describes in simple, understandable language liberally illustrated with figures and examples what SQL is, why it is important, and how you use it. This book is not specific to one particular brand or dialect of SQL. Rather, it describes the standard, central core of the SQL language and then goes on to describe the differences among the most popular SQL products, including Oracle, Microsoft SQL Server, IBM's DB2, Informix Universal Server, Sybase Adaptive Server, and others. It also explains the importance of SQL-based standards, such as ODBC and the ANSI/ISO SQL2 and evolving SQL3 standards. If you are a new user of SQL, this book offers comprehensive, step-by-step treatment of the language, building from simple queries to more advanced concepts. The structure of the book will allow you to quickly start using SQL, but the book will continue to be valuable as you begin to use more complex features of the language. You can use the SQL software on the companion CD to try out the examples and build your SQL skills. If you are a data processing professional or a manager, this book will give you a perspective on the impact that SQL is having in every segment of the computer market from personal computers, to mainframes, to online transaction processing systems and data warehousing applications. The early chapters describe the history of SQL, its role in the market, and its evolution from earlier database technologies. The final chapters describe the future of SQL and the development of new database technologies such as distributed databases, business intelligence databases, and object-relational database capabilities.

A database schema, defined simply, is a statement of the relationships between database objects. Specifically, this means the relationships between tables using primary keys and foreign keys (discussed earlier). A great deal of time can (and should!) be spent in designing a database schema that meets business requirements. Usually, a database schema is represented in an Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD). These diagrams should display information about the tables in a specific database schema and document their interactions. Developers and database administrators can use ERDs when programming or managing database objects. To make the task easier, SQL Server Enterprise Manager includes a tool that can be used to simplify many of the tasks involved. By using this tool, you can quickly and easily create, manage, and maintain database tables and definitions. Figure 4-9 shows a database schema for the pubs sample database (which is installed with SQL Server).

A well-developed set of dimension tables provides powerful and diverse analytic capabilities. As you saw in 1, the dimensions provide contextual information, without which reports would be meaningless. Successful dimension design hinges on the proper use of