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roles that have been created for making this process much easier. Table 4-7 lists the different server roles and their functions. By default, only the System Administrators role contains accounts. The members of this role include the Windows NT Administrators group and the SQL Server SA account. Also, note that members of each of the roles are allowed to assign the permissions of their role to another user account. For example, a user who is a member of the Setup Administrators role can add another user to this role. You can add user accounts to logins when they are created by accessing the Server Roles tab of the SQL Server Login Properties dialog box. To add existing logins to server roles, follow these steps: 1. In Enterprise Manager, expand the Security folder for the server you want to modify. 2. Double-click the name of a Server Role in the right panel and click Add. Highlight users to assign them to this role.

Even those not steeped in the practice of entity-relationship modeling may be put off by some of the techniques described in this chapter. Newcomers to dimensional design are often repulsed by redundant storage of multiple part codes and their components, storage of common combinations of elements such as names, or the expansion of flag values from Boolean indicators into descriptive text. These techniques can seem wasteful. Why not simply perform these computations on the fly at query time The precomputation and storage of these redundant data elements have three advantages in an analytic environment: performance, usability, and consistency. Recall that dimensions are used to specify query predicates, define the scope of aggregation, govern the ordering of data, and establish master detail structure in reports. If these elements must be computed at query time, performance will be significantly impacted. Precomputing and storing these columns reduces the burden on the DBMS at query time, allows the database administrator to optimize performance through the use of indexes and other techniques, and opens the door to more efficient query execution.

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Role Database Creators Disk Administrators Process Administrators Security Administrators Server Administrators

Second, this level of redundancy makes it much easier for users to interact with the analytic database It is far easier for the end user to select data where the country is United States rather than look for records where the first two digits of region_code are 07 If a report calls for customer names to appear in a last-name-first format, it is much easier to select that in a single column than it is to concatenate multiple fields together, omitting the space after first name if there is no middle initial, and so forth If a user wants to break out credit orders, it is much easier to have a flag that reads Credit Approved or Credit Not Approved than it is to translate a Boolean value A business intelligence tool may provide some of this functionality but does not offer the simultaneous performance benefits.

DB2 supports several different international formats for date, time, and timestamp constants, as shown in Table 5-5. The choice of format is made when the DBMS is installed. DB2 also supports durations specified as "special" constants, as in this example: HIRE_DATE + 30 DAYS Note that a duration can't be stored in the database, however, because DB2 doesn't have an explicit DURATION data type. SQL Server also supports date/time data and accepts a variety of different formats for date and time constants. The DBMS automatically accepts all of the alternate formats, and you can intermix them if you like. Here are some examples of legal SQL Server date constants: March 15, 1990 Mar 15 1990 3/15/1990 3-15-90 1990 MAR 15

Function Creates, alters, and resizes databases. Manages database storage files. Kills (stops) processes running on the server. Creates and manages server logins and auditing. Changes server configuration parameters and shuts down server. Manages replication and extended procedures. Completes control over all database functions.

Last, explicit storage of all dimensions guarantees that they are consistent, regardless of the application being used A business intelligence tool can be used to make it easier to provide full names, isolate substrings, or decode flags, but these shortcuts are only available to users who are interacting with the analytic database through that tool If there are other tools in use, or if report developers are writing their own SQL, there is the danger that these dimensions are not being constructed consistently TIP Embrace redundancy in the dimensional model Explicit storage of each dimension attribute maximizes performance, aids usability, and guarantees consistency across applications The rules of normalization are best suited to the needs of operational systems, not analytic systems None of this should be interpreted as an argument against the use of business intelligence tools In fact, these tools are extremely valuable components of the data warehouse architecture.